Ronald Steel, The End Of Alliance: America and the Future of Europe, (New York: Viking Press, 1964). p. 19.
Godfrey Hodgson, "America returns to the Great Debate". The Independent, 2/2/90.
See Phil Williams, The Senate and US Troops in Europe, (London: Macmillan, 1985).
"The Yanks and the wish to go home" The Guardian, 14/3/90.
See, for example, Chase, J., The Consequences of the Peace: The New Internationalism And American Foreign Policy, Oxford; Oxford University Press; 1992, p. 6.
President Bush, "State Of The Union Address", 29 January 1991.
Cited by Gardener, R. N., "Practical Internationalism" in Rethinking America's Security: Beyond Cold War To New World Order, Allison, G. and Treverton, G. F. (eds) New York: Norton and Co; 1992, p. 272.
Ibid.
Krauthammer, C., "The Unipolar Moment", Foreign Affairs Vol. 70. No. 1. 1991. pp. 23-4.
Waltz, K.N., "America As A Model For The World? A Foreign Policy Perspective" in The Use Of Force, fourth edition, (Ed) Art, R.J., and Waltz, K.N. (New York: University Press of America, 1993), p. 462.
Tucker, R.W. and Hendrickson, D.C. The Imperial Temptation: The New World Order and America's Purpose, New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1992, pp. 202 and 203.
Chase, op cit, pp. 8-11.
See for example Robert Hunter, "Starting at Zero: U.S. Foreign policy for the 1990s" in U.S. Foreign Policy After The Cold War, (Ed) Brad Roberts, London: MIT Press, 1992, p. 15.
Waltz, op cit, p. 462.
Hunter, op cit, p. 15.
Gergin, David, "America's Missed Opportunities", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 71, No 1. America And the World 1991/1992, p. 3.
Strobe Talbott, "Post-Victory Blues", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 71, No 1. America And the World 1991/1992, p. 69.
Gergen, op cit, p. 7. He adds further that "Even when cornered by the President and when US interests were so clearly affected, Congress almost denied the White House authority to use force - a fact that underscored how reluctant a superpower the United States was becoming." p. 8.
Why should Americans, asked Edward Luttwak in the buildup to the war, "lay down their lives... for oil that primarily goes to Europeans, Japanese and East Asians?" Martin Fletcher, "Invasion opens ideological feud among republicans" The Times, 10/9/96.
Michael Brenner, "The Alliance: A Gulf Post Mortem", International Affairs Volume 67, Number 4, October 1991, p. 665.
Omestad, T. "Why Bush Lost" Foreign Policy, No. 89, Winter 1992-3, p. 80.
See Daniel Deudney and G. John Ikenberry, "America After the Long War", Current History, November 1995, p. 368
ibid.
Prowse, M., "U.S. jobless figure hits highest level in five years" The Financial Times, 11 January 1992.
Ibid.
Newsweek, 9 January, 1995, p. 20.
Chase, op cit. p. 8.
Samual P. Huntington, "The U.S. - Decline or Renewal?" Foreign Affairs, Vol. 67. No. 2. Winter 1988/89, p. 86.
Newsweek, December 14, 1992, p. 17.
Robert Reich, "Curing America's Income Infection," New Perspectives Quarterly, Spring 1993, p. 8.
Harris Wooford, "The Democratic Challenge" Foreign Policy No. 86. Spring 1992, p. 101.
Norris, P. "The U.S. Elections" Government and Opposition Vol. 28. No. 1, Winter 1993, p. 67.
Peter McGrath, "The Lonely Superpower", Newsweek, 7 October, 1991, p. 18.
See Arthur Schlesinger, Jr "Back to the Womb?: Isolationism's Renewed Threat", Foreign Affairs, July/August 1995, Volume 74, Number 4; Bill Kauffman, America First!: Its History, Culture and Politics, (Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 1995); Michael Cox, US Foreign Policy After The Cold War: Superpower Without A Mission, (London: Chatham House/Pinter, 1995).
Peter Rodman p. 4 "The Last Superpower", Analysis, BBC Radio 4 Transcript. Broadcast 30/11/95.
Ted Galen Carpenter of the CATO Institute for example prefers the label "Strategic Independent" noting that he id favour of "maximum economic engagement in world affairs, extensive cultural contacts and a very active diplomacy." Interview, Washington, November 1995.
See Sidney Blumenthal, "The Return of the Repressed: Anti Internationalism and the American Right", Unpublished paper cited by Michael Cox, US Foreign Policy After The Cold War: Superpower Without A Mission, (London: Chatham House/Pinter, 1995). p. 129. Similarly The Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs and the World Policy Institute recently held a conference on "Anti-Internationalism In America Today". Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs Newsletter, Number 47, 1996.
President Clinton, Clinton On leadership Role: Address to Freedom House, 11/10/95. (London: United States Information Service). p. 8.
Jonathan Clarke, "Gone To The Lake: Republicans and Foreign policy", The National Interest, Summer 1996, Number 44. p. 43.
See for example Charles Gati, "Big Words, Small Deeds Suit the American Mood", International Herald Tribune, 22/6/94.
Kauffman, B. op cit, p. 238.
Buchanan's populist sentiments are part of a long tradition in American politics of figures who railed against "international capital" and who had a "sneering contempt for the 'establishment,' the suspicion of foreign people and of foreign entanglements." See Alan Brinkley, "A Swaggering Tradition", Newsweek, 4/3/96. p. 16.
Ibid, p. 241.
Ibid, p. 237.
Carpenter, op cit, p. 167.
"To describe the protection of Persian Gulf oil as a vital U.S. interest is to indulge in wildly inflated rhetoric". Carpenter, op cit, p. 173.
Bandow, D., "Keep the Troops and the Money at Home", in Rubinstein, op cit. p. 103.
Carpenter, T., A Search for Enemies: America's Alliances After The Cold War, Washington D.C.: CATO Institute, 1992, pp. 171, 174.
Patrick Buchanan, "America First: Let the World Get By Without Uncle Sam", International Herald Tribune, 10/9/91.
Kauffman, op cit, p. 212.
Owen Harries, "Pat's World", The National Interest, Spring 1996, Number 43, p. 110.
Howard Fineman, "Extreme Measures" Newsweek, 4/3/96.
Steven Kull, "What the Public Knows that Washington Doesn't", Foreign Policy, Winter 1995-96, Number 101. p. 109.
Jeane Kirkpatrick, "A Normal Country In A Normal Time", The National Interest, Fall 1990, p. 44.
Ibid, p. 42.
Kirkpatrick, op cit, p. 42.
See Haley Barbour, Agenda for America: A Republican Direction for the Future, (Washington: Regnery Press, 1996) in which Cheney and Kirkpatrick wrote the section on defence.
Alan Tonelson "What Is The National Interest?", The Atlantic Monthly, July 1991, p. 42.
Ronald Steel, Temptations Of A Superpower: America's Foreign Policy After The Cold War, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1995). p. 79.
Eugene R. Wittkopf, "What Americans Really Think About Foreign Policy" The Washington Quarterly, Volume 19, Number 3, Summer 1996. p. 103.
Clarke, "Gone to the Lake" op cit, p. 42.
"Candidates on Issues: Defense" The Christian Science Monitor, 13 February, 1992, p. 10.
"Campaign Basics: Ross Perot" The International Herald Tribune 3 July, 1992.
Ornstein, N. "Foreign Policy and the 1992 Election", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 71, No. 3, Summer 1992, p. 9.
See Gergin, op cit, p. 4. and Kull, op cit, p. 109.
Kull, op cit, p. 108.
Op cit, p. 2.
"Republicans Plan A Tough Bottom-Line Approach to Foreign Aid" The International Herald Tribune 22 December 1994.
Kull, op cit, p. 109.
Clinton, Freedom House, op cit, p. 9.
Michael Golay and Carl Rollyson, Where America Stands 1996, (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1996) p. 144.
Thomas L. Friedman, "Rethinking Foreign Affairs: Are They Still A US Affair?", The New York Times, 7/2/92.
Parry, G., "The Interweaving of Foreign and Domestic Affairs", Government and Opposition, Vol. 20. No. 2. Spring 1993, see pp. 143-151.
Clinton, Freedom House, op cit, p. 5.
Martin Fletcher, "White House denies US will withdraw from leadership role", The Times, 27/5/93 and Daniel Williams and John M. Goshko, "A Lessor US Role in the World?", International Herald Tribune, 27/5/93.
James Baker III, "President Must Restore America's Role as World Leader", The Times, 12/7/93.
As Cox explains, "Assistant Secretary of State for Europe, Stephen Oxman, made a speech on 15 November 1993, suitably entitled "Why Europe Matters". Secretary Christopher addressed the North Atlantic Council on 1 December on "A Time of Historical Change for NATO". Vice-President Gore spoke on 6 January 1994 on "Forging a Partnership For Peace and prosperity". Secretary Christopher talked at the White house on the following day on "Promoting Security and Stability in Europe". Stephen Oxman then followed up with at least three other contributions: the first on 27 January entitled "The United States and Europe: The Year Past, the Year Ahead"; the second on 17 February on "Building Peace and Prosperity in Central and Eastern Europe"; and the third on 18 April on "Partnership with Europe is the best US hope for the future"." Cox, op cit, p. 76.
Holbrooke "America, A European Power", op cit, p. 38.
Warren Christopher, Charting A Transatlantic Agenda, (London; United States Information Service, June 5, 1995), p. 3.
Stephen A. Oxman, "Partnership with Europe is the best US hope for the future" cited by Cox, op cit, p. 77. Oxman also explained that US firms also have far more invested in Europe ($225bn in 1993) than in Asia ($60bn) and European companies had more invested in the US ($258bn) than their Asian counterparts ($100bn).
Confidential interview with senior State Department official, Washington D.C., September 1995.
Alan Tonelson and Robin Gaster, "Our Interests in Europe", The Atlantic Monthly, August 1995, p. 2.
Walker, M. "Patrick Buchanan taxes Bush with being hooked by the Japanese connection", The Guardian, 15 January 1992.
Martin Fletcher, "White House denies US withdrawal from leadership role", The Times, 27/5/93.
Clinton is apparently concerned to avoid the fate of President Johnson whose domestic programme was derailed by U.S. involvement in Vietnam. "Hence... his hope that foreign crisis will somehow slide by his presidency, leaving him to concentrate on what he feels he was elected to do." Elliot, M. and Cohn, B., "A Head For Diplomacy?" Newsweek, 28 March, 1994.
Jay Branegan, James Carney and J.F.O. McAllister, "Dropping the Ball", Time, 2/5/94. p. 39. This article also quotes Rep Lee Hamilton explaining that Clinton "came out of the 1992 campaign with at least one lesson seared on his brain - that the American people want him to focus on domestic affairs."
American's leadership role has become a central theme of administration foreign policy statements. See for example, Warren Christopher, "US Will Shoulder Responsibility For World Leadership", (London: United States Information Service, May 28 1993); Anthony Lake, "The Price Of Leadership", (London: United States Information Service, April 28, 1995); Richard Holbrooke, "America's Engaged Leadership Is Crucial To Securing Peace", (London: United States Information Service, February 12, 1996).
Jeremy D. Rosner, "The Know-Nothings Know Something", Foreign Policy, Winter 1995/96, Number 101, p. 120.
Senator John McCain, "Imagery or Purpose? The Choice in November", Foreign Policy, Summer 1996, Number 103, pp. 20, 22. McCain continues, "Dole believes without hesitation or apology that only American leadership can prevent problems from becoming crisis. His restoration of resolute American leadership will be welcome not only by the American people but by a world that has suffered from its absence these last three years." p. 34.
George Moffett, "Despite Threats, America Turns Its Gaze Inward", The Christian Science Monitor, 5/6/96.
Ian Brodie, "Dole vows to 'restore US leadership'", The Times, 26/6/96.
Confidential interview with Senate staffer. Washington DC, September 1995.
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall Of the Great Powers; Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, (New York: Random House, 1987), pp. 512-515.
One of the most persuasive rebuttals of Kennedy's work is Joseph Nye's Bound To Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power, New York: Basic Books, 1990. See also Susan Strange, "The Future of the American Empire", Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 42. No. 1. Fall 1988.
Krauthammer, op cit, pp. 26-27.
Cooper, M., "Foreign Policy Built On Big Macs", U.S. News and World Report, April 5, 1993. p. 41.
B Peter McGrath, "The Lonely Superpower", Newsweek, October 7, 1991, p. 18
See Steel, Temptations, op cit, pp. 60, 143. who also cites the work of Benjamin C. Schwartz in support of this argument.
Baker, op cit.
Ronald Steel, "Internationalism: The Sensible Ideology for America Today?", International Herald Tribune, 7/6/95.
Bailey Morris, "US teeters on verge of isolationism", Independent On Sunday, 4/12/94.
Clarke, "Gone To The Lake", op cit, p. 37.
Ibid.
Christopher Ogden, "No-Show Myopia", Time, 30/10/95.
Moffett, "Despite Threats", op cit.
Newt Gingrich, "Remarks of Speaker Of The House Newt Gingrich At Centre For Strategic And International Studies Luncheon", Washington, DC, 18/6/95. p. 8. Unpublished, supplied by office of Speaker Gingrich.
Rosner, op cit, p. 124.
Rosner, op cit, p. 125.
Strobe Talbott, Speech To Bildergerg Dinner at State Department, 11/10/95. (London: United States Information Service). p. 3.
Christopher Ogden, "Uncle Sam Hunkers Down", Time, p. 25.
Jim Hoagland, "Time for a Debate on US Security", International Herald Tribune, 23/2/95.
Adrian Karatnycky, "America Is Turning Inward", International Herald Tribune, 24/8/93.
Confidential interview with Congressional staffer, Washington DC, September 1995.
Strobe Talbott, Speech To Bildergerg Dinner at State Department, 11/10/95. (London: United States Information Service). p. 3.
Confidential interview with Congressional staffer, Washington DC, September 1995.
Ogden, op cit.
Confidential Interview, Council on Foreign Relations, New York, September 1995.
Jeff Newnham, "New Constraints for US foreign policy", The World Today, April 1995. p. 72. The extent to which Congressional involvement in foreign policy can be considered "governing", however, is a matter which may have a baring on this point.
David Frum, "The Case For A New 'Do-Nothing' Congress", The Weekly Standard, 18/9/95.
Confidential interview with senior State Department official, Washington D.C., September 1995.
Richard Morin and Mario A. Brossard, "Republicans May Taste the Voters' Wrath", International Herald Tribune, 18/6/95. Interestingly, it is a protest to cuts in Medicare and Medicare entitlements that Republican support has dwindled.
According to one well placed analyst, "we are probably still going to pass through maybe another year or two and you'll see these views quite prominent, I think they are already less prominent that they were a year ago and I think they will decline still further." Confidential interview, Washington, DC, September 1995.
Cox, op cit, pp. 73-75.
Mary Ann Sieghart, "Inward Looking US reshapes policy for a changing world", The Times, 12/5/92.
Confidential interview with a well placed analyst, Washington, DC, September 1995.
Confidential interview with NATO official, Belgium, January 1995.
Confidential interview with a well placed analyst, Washington, DC, September 1995.
Christopher Coker, "Britain and the new world order: the special relationship in the 1990s", International Affairs, Volume 68, Number 3, July 1992, p. 419.
Confidential interview with senior State Department official, Washington D.C., September 1995.
Cited by William J. Crowe, "Elements of US Foreign Policy", RUSI Journal, Volume 140, Number 6, December 1995, p. 3.
Kull, op cit, p. 124.
See Matthew Rees, "Buchanan's Unlikely Fans", The Weekly Standard, 22/1/1996.
Jeremy Rosner, interviewed in "The Last Superpower", Analysis, BBC Radio 4 Transcript. Broadcast 30/11/95. p. 27.