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Chapter II: Political Cooperation
I. Introduction
- If there is to be vitality and growth in the concept
of the Atlantic Community, the relations between the
members of NATO must rest on a solid basis of confidence
and understanding. Without this there cannot be
constructive or solid political cooperation.
- The deepening and strengthening of this political
cooperation does not imply the weakening of the ties of
NATO members with other friendly countries or with other
international associations, particularly the United
Nations. Adherence to NATO is not exclusive or
restrictive. Nor should the evolution of the Atlantic
Community through NATO prevent the formation of even
closer relationships among some of its members, for
instance within groups of European countries. The
moves toward Atlantic cooperation and European unity
should be parallel and complementary, not competitive or
conflicting.
- Effective and constructive international cooperation
requires a resolve to work together for the solution of
common problems. There are special ties between NATO
members, special incentives and security interests, which
should make this task easier than it otherwise would be.
But its successful accomplishment will depend largely on
the extent to which member governments, in their own
policies and actions, take into consideration the
interests of the Alliance. This requires not only the
acceptance of the obligation of consultation and
cooperation whenever necessary, but also the development
of practices by which the discharge of this obligation
becomes a normal part of governmental activity.
- It is easy to profess devotion to the principle of
political--or economic--consultation in NATO. It is
difficult and has in fact been shown to be impossible, if
the proper conviction is lacking, to convert the
profession into practice. Consultation within an alliance
means more than exchange of information, though that is
necessary. It means more than letting the NATO Council
know about national decisions that have already been
taken; or trying to enlist support for those decisions. It
means the discussion of problems collectively, in
the early stages of policy formation, and before national
positions become fixed. At best, this will result in
collective decisions on matters of common interest
affecting the Alliance. At the least, it will ensure that
no action is taken by one member without a knowledge of
the views of the others.
II. Consultation on Foreign Policies
A. Scope and Character of Political Consultation
- The essential role of consultation in fostering
political cooperation was clearly defined by an earlier
NATO Committee on the North Atlantic Community in 1951 :
"... The achievement of a closer degree of coordination
of the foreign policies of the members of the North
Atlantic Treaty, through the development of the 'habit of
consultation' on matters of common concern, would greatly
strengthen the solidarity of the North Atlantic Community
and increase the individual and collective capacity of its
members to serve the peaceful purposes for which NATO was
established... In the political field, this means that
while each North Atlantic government retains full freedom
of action and decision with respect to its own policy, the
aim should be to achieve, through exchanging information
and views, as wide an area of agreement as possible in the
formulation of policies as a whole."
"Special attention must be paid, as explicitly
recognized in Article 4 of the Treaty, to matters of
urgent and immediate importance to the members of NATO,
and to "emergency" situations where it may be necessary
to consult closely on national lines of conduct affecting
the interests of members of NATO as a whole. There is a
continuing need, however, for effective consultation at an
early stage on current problems, in order that national
policies may be developed and action taken on the basis of
a full awareness of the attitudes and interests of all the
members of NATO. While all members of NATO have a
responsibility to consult with their partners on
appropriate matters, a large share of responsibility for
such consultation necessarily rests on the more powerful
members of the Community."
- These words were written five years ago. They hold
true now more than ever before. If we can say that they
have not been ignored by NATO we must also recognize that
the practice of consulting has not so developed in the
NATO Council as to meet the demands of political changes
and world trends. The present need, therefore, is more
than simply broadening the scope and deepening the
character of consultation. There is a pressing requirement
for all members to make consultation in NATO an integral
part of the making of national policy. Without this the
very existence of the North Atlantic Community may be in
jeopardy.
- It should, however, be remembered that collective
discussion is not an end in itself, but a means to the end
of harmonizing policies. Where common interests of the
Atlantic Community are at stake consultation should always
seek to arrive at timely agreement on common lines of
policy and action.
- Such agreement, even with the closest possible
cooperation and consultation, is not easy to secure. But
it is essential to the Atlantic Alliance that a steady and
continuous effort be made to bring it about. There cannot
be unity in defense and disunity in foreign policy.
- There are, of course, certain practical limitations to
consultation in this field. They are sufficiently obvious
in fact to make it unnecessary to emphasize them in words.
Indeed the danger is less that they will be minimized or
evaded than that they will be exaggerated and used to
justify practices which unnecessarily ignore the common
interest.
- One of these limitations is the hard fact that
ultimate responsibility for decision and action still
rests on national governments. It is conceivable that a
situation of extreme emergency may arise where action must
be taken by one government before consultation is possible
with the others.
- Another limitation is the difficulty, and indeed the
unwisdom, of trying to specify in advance all the subjects
and all the situations where consultation is necessary; to
separate by area or by subject the matters of NATO concern
from those of purely national concern; to define in detail
the obligations and duties of consultation. These things
have to work themselves out in practice. In this process,
experience is a better guide than dogma.
- The essential thing is that on all occasions and in
all circumstances member governments, before acting or
even before pronouncing, should keep the interest and the
requirements of the Alliance in mind. If they have not the
desire and the will to do this, no resolutions or
recommendations or declarations by the Council or any
Committee of the Council will be of any great value.
- On the assumption, however, that this will and this
desire do exist, the following principles and practices in
the field of political consultation are recommended :
- members should inform the Council of any development
which significantly affects the Alliance. They should
do this, not merely as formality but as a preliminary
to effective political consultation;
- both individual member governments and the Secretary
General should have the right to raise for discussion
in the Council any subject which is of common NATO
interest and not of a purely domestic character;
- a member government should not, without adequate
advance consultation, adopt firm policies or make
major political pronouncements on matters which
significantly affect the Alliance or any of its
members,unless circumstances make such prior
consultation obviously and demonstrably impossible;
- in developing their national policies, members should
take into consideration the interest and views of
other governments, particularly those most directly
concerned, as expressed in NATO consultation, even
where no community of views or consensus has been
reached in the Council;
- where a consensus has been reached, it should be
reflected in the formation of national policies. When
for national reasons the consensus is not followed,
the government concerned should offer an explanation
to the Council. It is even more important that where
an agreed and formal recommendation has emerged from
the Council's discussions, governments should give it
full weight in any national actions or policies
related to the subject of that recommendation.
B. Annual Political Appraisal
- To strengthen the process of consultation, it is
recommended that Foreign Ministers, at each Spring
meeting, should make an appraisal of the political
progress of the Alliance and consider the lines along
which it should advance.
- To prepare for this discussion, the Secretary General
should submit an annual report :
- analyzing the major political problems of the Alliance;
- reviewing the extent to which member governments have
consulted and cooperated on such problems;
- indicating the problems and possible developments which
may require future consultation, so that difficulties
might be resolved and positive and constructive
initiative taken.
- Member governments, through their Permanent
Representatives, should give the Secretary General such
information and assistance, including that of technical
experts, as he may require in preparing his report.
C. Preparation for Political Consultation
- Effective consultation also requires careful planning
and preparation of the agenda for meetings of the Council
both in Ministerial and permanent session. Political
questions coming up for discussion in the Council should
so far as practicable be previously reviewed and
discussed; so that representatives may have background
information on the thinking both of their own and of other
governments. When appropriate, drafts of resolutions
should be prepared in advance as a basis for discussion.
Additional preparatory work will also be required for the
annual political appraisal referred to in the preceding
section.
- To assist the Permanent Representatives and the
Secretary General in discharging their responsibilities
for political consultation, there should be constituted
under the Council a Committee of Political Advisers from
each delegation, aided when necessary by specialists from
the capitals. It would meet under the chairmanship of a
member of the International Staff appointed by the
Secretary General, and would include among its
responsibilities current studies such as those on trends
of Soviet policy.
III. Peaceful Settlement of Inter-member Disputes
- In the development of effective political cooperation
in NATO, it is of crucial importance to avoid serious
inter-member disputes and to settle them quickly and
satisfactorily when they occur. The settlement of such
disputes is in the first place the direct responsibility
of the member governments concerned, under both the
Charter of the United Nations (Article XXXIII) and the
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 1). To clarify NATO's
responsibilities in dealing with disputes which have not
proved capable of settlement directly and to enable NATO,
if necessary, to help in the settlement of such disputes,
the Committee recommends that the Council adopt a
resolution under Article I of the Treaty on the following
lines :
- re-affirming the obligation of members to settle by
peaceful means any disputes between themselves;
- declaring their intention to submit any such disputes,
which have not proved capable of settlement directly,
to good offices procedures within the NATO framework
before resorting to any other international agency;
except for disputes of a legal character for
submission to a judicial tribunal, and those disputes
of an economic character for which attempts at
settlement might best be made initially in the
appropriate specialized economic organization;
- recognizing the right and duty of member government
and of the Secretary General to bring to the attention
of the Council matters which in their opinion may
threaten the solidarity or effectiveness of the
Alliance;
- empowering the Secretary General to offer his good
offices informally at any time to the parties in
dispute, and with their consent to initiate or
facilitate procedures of inquiry, mediation,
conciliation, or arbitration, and
- empowering the Secretary General, where he deems it
appropriate for the purpose outlined in d. above, to
use the assistance of not more than three
Permanent Representatives chosen by him in each
instance.
IV. Parliamentary Associations and the Parliamentary
Conference
- Among the best supporters of NATO and its purposes are
those Members of Parliament who have had a chance at first
hand to see some of its activities and to learn of its
problems, and to exchange views with their colleagues from
other parliaments. In particular, the formation of
national Parliamentary Associations and the activities of
the Conference of Members of Parliament from NATO
countries have contributed to the development of public
support for NATO and solidarity among its members .
- In order to maintain a close relationship of
Parliamentarians with NATO, the following arrangements are
recommended :
- that the Secretary General continue to place the
facilities of NATO Headquarters at the disposal of
Parliamentary Conferences and give all possible help
with arrangements for their meetings;
- that invited representatives of member governments and
the Secretary General and other senior NATO civil and
military officers attend certain of these meetings. In
this way the Parliamentarians would be informed on the
state of the Alliance and the problems before it, and
the value of their discussions would be increased.
Chapter III: Economic Cooperation
I. Introduction
- Political cooperation and economic conflict are not
reconcilable. Therefore, in the economic as well as in the
political field there must be a genuine desire among the
members to work together and a readiness to consult on
questions of common concern based on the recognition of
common interests.
- These common economic interests shared by the members
of NATO call for :
- cooperative and national action to achieve healthy and
expanding economies, both to promote the well-being
and self-confidence of the Atlantic peoples and to
serve as the essential support for an adequate defense
effort;
- the greatest possible freedom in trade and paymentsand in the movement of manpower and long-term capital;
- assistance to economically underdeveloped areas for
reasons of enlightened self-interest and to promote
better relations among peoples; and
- policies which will demonstrate, under conditions of
competitive co-existence, the superiority of free
institutions in promoting human welfare and economic
progress.
- A recognition of these common NATO interests, and
collective and individual efforts to promote them, need
not in any way prejudice close economic relations with
non-NATO countries. Economic, like political, cooperation
is and must remain wider than NATO. At the same time, the
NATO countries have an interest in any arrangements for
especially close economic cooperation among groups of
European member nations. It should be possible as it is
desirable for such special arrangements to promote rather
than conflict with the wider objectives of Article 2 of
our Treaty, which are of basic importance to the stability
and well-being, not only of the North Atlantic area, but
of the whole non-Communist world.
II. NATO and other Organizations
- While the purposes and principles of Article 2 are of
vital importance, it is not necessary that member
countries pursue them only through action in NATO itself.
It would not serve the interests of the Atlantic Community
for NATO to duplicate the operating functions of other
international organizations designed for various forms of
economic cooperation. NATO members play a major part in
all these agencies, whose membership is generally well
adapted to the purposes they serve.
- Nor do there now appear to be significant new areas
for collective economic action requiring execution by NATO
itself. In fact, the common economic concern of the member
nations will often best be fostered by continued and
increased collaboration both bilateral and through
organizations other than NATO. This collaboration should
be reinforced, however, by NATO consultation whenever
economic issues of special interest to the Alliance are
involved, particularly those which have political
or defense implications or affect the economic health of
the Atlantic Community as a whole. This, in turn, requires
a substantial expansion of exchange of information and
views in NATO in the economic as well as in the political
field. Such economic consultation should seek to secure a
common approach on the part of member governments where
the questions are clearly related to the political and
security interests of the Alliance. Action resulting from
such a common approach, however, should normally be taken
by governments either directly or through other
international organizations.
- NATO, as such, should not seek to establish formal
relations with these other organizations, and the
harmonizing of attitudes and actions should be left to the
representatives of the NATO governments therein. Nor is it
necessary or desirable for NATO members to form a "bloc"
in such organizations. This would only alienate other
friendly governments. There should, however, be
consultation in NATO when economic issues of special
political or strategic importance to NATO arise in other
organizations and in particular before meetings at which
there may be attempts to divide or weaken the Atlantic
Alliance, or prejudice its interests.
III. Conflicts in Economic Policies of NATO Countries
- NATO has a positive interest in the resolution of
economic disputes which may have political or strategic
repercussions damaging to the Alliance. These are to be
distinguished from disagreements on economic policy which
are normally dealt with through direct negotiations or by
multilateral discussions in other organizations. Nothing
would be gained by merely having repeated in NATO the same
arguments made in other and more technically qualified
organizations. It should however, be open to any member or
to the Secretary General to raise in NATO issues on which
they feel that consideration elsewhere is not making
adequate progress and that NATO consultation might
facilitate solutions contributing to the objectives of the
Atlantic Community. The procedures for peaceful settlement
of political disputes discussed in the previous chapter
should also be available for major disputes of an economic
character which are appropriate for NATO consideration.
IV. Scientific and Technical Cooperation
- One area of special importance to the Atlantic
Community is that of science and technology. During the
last decade, it has become ever clearer that progress in
this field can be decisive in determining the security of
nations and their position in world affairs. Such progress
is also vital if the Western world is to play its proper
role in relation to economically underdeveloped areas.
- Within the general field of science and technology,
there is an especially urgent need to improve the quality
and to increase the supply of scientists, engineers and
technicians. Responsibility for recruitment, training and
utilization of scientific and technical personnel is
primarily a national rather than an international matter.
Nor is it a responsibility solely of national governments.
In the member countries with federal systems, state and
provincial governments play the major part, and many of
the universities and institutes of higher learning in the
Atlantic area are independent institutions free
from detailed control by governments. At the same time,
properly designed measures of international cooperation
could stimulate individual member countries to adopt more
positive policies and, in some cases, help guide them in
the most constructive
directions.
- Certain activities in this connection are already
being carried out by other organizations. Progress in this
field, however, is so crucial to the future of the
Atlantic Community that NATO members should ensure that
every possibility of fruitful cooperation is examined. As
a first concrete step, therefore, it is recommended that a
conference be convened composed of one or at the most two
outstanding authorities, private or governmental, from
each country in order :
- to exchange information and views concerning the most
urgent problems in the recruitment, training and
utilization of scientists, engineers and technicians,
and the best means, both long-term and short-term, of
solving those problems;
- to foster closer relations among the participants with
a view to continued interchange of experience and
stimulation of constructive work in member countries;
and
- to propose specific measures for future international
cooperation in this field, through NATO or other
international organizations.
V. Consultation on Economic Problems
- It is agreed that the Atlantic Community has a
positive concern with healthy and accelerated development
in economically underdeveloped areas, both inside and
outside the NATO area. The Committee feels, however, that
NATO is not an appropriate agency for administering
programs of assistance for economic development, or even
for systematically concerning the relevant policies of
member nations. What member countries can and should
do is to keep each other and the Organization informed of
their programs and policies in this field. When required,
NATO should review the adequacy of existing action in
relation to the interests of the Alliance.
- The economic interests of the Atlantic Community
cannot be considered in isolation from the activities and
policies of the Soviet bloc. The Soviets are resorting all
too often to the use of economic measures designed to
weaken the Western Alliance, or to create in other areas a
high degree of dependence on the Soviet world. In this
situation it is more than ever important that NATO
countries actively develop their own constructive
commercial and financial policies. In particular, they
should avoid creating situations of which the Soviet bloc
countries might take advantage to the detriment of the
Atlantic Community and of other non-Communist countries.
In this whole field of competitive economic co-existence
member countries should consult together more fully in
order to determine their course deliberately and with the
fullest possible knowledge.
- There has been a considerable evolution in NATO's
arrangements for regular economic consultation. In
addition, a number of economic matters have been brought
before the Council for consideration on an ad hoc basis.
No substantial new machinery in this field is called for.
However, in view of the extended range of topics for
regular exchange of information and consultation described
above, there should be established under the Council a
Committee of Economic Advisers. This group should be
entrusted with preliminary discussion, on a systematic
basis, of the matters outlined above, together with such
tasks as many be assigned by the Council or approved by
the Council at the Committee's request. It would absorb
any continuing function of the Committee of Technical
Advisers. Since its duties would not be full-time, member
governments could be represented normally by officials
mainly concerned with the work of other international
economic organizations. Membership, however, should be
flexible, the Committee being composed, when appropriate,
of specialists from the capitals on particular topics
under consideration.
Chapter IV : Cultural cooperation
- A sense of community must bind the people as well as
the institutions of the Atlantic nations. This will exist
only to the extent that there is a realization of their
common cultural heritage and of the values of their free
way of life and thought. it is important, therefore, for
the NATO countries to promote cultural cooperation among
their peoples by all practical means in order to
strengthen their unity and develop maximum support for the
Alliance. It is particularly important that this cultural
cooperation should be wider than continental. This,
however, does not preclude particular governments from
acting on a more limited multilateral or even bilateral
basis to strengthen their own cultural relations within
the broader Atlantic framework The Committee welcomes the
measures for cultural cooperation within the Atlantic
Community which have been initiated by private individuals
and non-governmental groups. These should be encouraged
and increased.
- To further cultural collaboration, the Committee
suggests that member governments be guided by the
following general principles :
- government activities in this field should not
duplicate but should support and supplement private
efforts;
- member governments should give priority to those
projects which require joint NATO action, and thus
contribute to a developing sense of community;
- in developing new activities in the cultural field,
NATO can most fruitfully place the main emphasis on
inspiring and promoting transatlantic contacts;
- there should be a realistic appreciation of the
financial implications of cultural projects.
- In order to develop public awareness and understanding
of NATO and the Atlantic Community, the Council should
work out arrangements for NATO courses and seminars for
teachers.
- NATO and its member governments should broaden their
support of other educational and related activities such
as the NATO Fellowship and Scholarship Program; creation
of university chairs of Atlantic studies; visiting
professorships; government-sponsored programs for the
exchange of persons, especially on a transatlantic basis;
use of NATO information materials in schools; and
establishment of special NATO awards for students.
- Governments should actively promote closer relations
between NATO and youth organizations and a specialist
should be added to the International Staff in this
connection. Conferences under NATO auspices of
representatives of youth organizations such as that of
July, 1956, should be held from time to time.
- In the interests of promoting easier and more frequent
contacts among the NATO peoples, governments should review
and, if possible, revise their foreign exchange and other
policies which restrict travel.
- In view of the importance of promoting better
understanding and goodwill between NATO service personnel,
it would be desirable, in cooperation with the military
authorities, to extend exchanges of such personnel beyond
the limits of normal training programs. Such exchanges
might, at first step, be developed by governments on a
bilateral basis. In addition, member governments should
seek the assistance of the Atlantic Treaty Association and
other voluntary organizations in the further development
of such exchanges.
- Cultural projects which have a common benefit should
be commonly financed. Agreed cultural projects initiated
by a single member government or a private organization,
such as the recent seminar held at Oxford or the Study
conference sponsored by the Atlantic Treaty Association on
"The Role of the School in the Atlantic Community",
should receive financial support from NATO where that is
necessary to supplement national resources.
Chapter V : Cooperation in the Information Field
- The people of the member countries must know about
NATO if they are to support it. Therefore they must be
informed not only of NATO's aspirations, but of its
achievements. There must be substance for an effective
NATO information program and resources to carry it out.
The public should be informed to the greatest possible
extent of significant results achieved through NATO
consultation.
- NATO information activities should be directed
primarily to public opinion in the NATO area. At the same
time an understanding outside the NATO area of the
objectives and accomplishments of the Organization is
necessary if it is to be viewed sympathetically, and if
its activities are not to be misinterpreted.
- The important task of explaining and reporting NATO
activities rests primarily on national information
services. They cannot discharge this task if member
governments do not make adequate provisions in their
national programs for that purpose. It is essential,
therefore, that such provision be made. NATO can and
should assist national governments in this work. The
promotion of information about, and public understand-
ing of NATO and the Atlantic Community should, in fact, be
a joint endeavor by the Organization and its members.
- One of NATO's functions should be to coordinate the
work of national information services in fields of common
interest. Governments should pool their experiences and
views in NATO to avoid differences in evaluation and
emphasis. This is particularly important in the
dissemination of information about NATO to other
countries. Coordinated policy should underline the
defensive character of our Alliance and the importance of
its non-military aspects. It should cover also replies to
anti-NATO propaganda and the analysis of Communist moves
and statements which affect NATO.
- In its turn, the NATO Information Division must be
given the resources by governments as well as their
support, without which it could not discharge these new
tasks--and should not be asked to do so.
- In order to facilitate cooperation between the NATO
Information Division and national information services,
the following specific measures are recommended :
- an Officer should be designated by each national
information service to maintain liaison with NATO and
to be responsible for the dissemination of NATO
information material;
- governments should submit to NATO the relevant
information programs which they plan to implement, for
discussion in the Committee on Information and
Cultural Relations. Representatives of national
information services should take part in these
discussions;
- within the NATO Information Division budget, provision
should be made for a translation fund so that NATO
information material can be translated into the
non-official languages of the Alliance, according to
reasonable requirements of the member governments;
- NATO should, on request, provide national services
with special studies on matters of common interest.
- The journalists' tours sponsored by NATO should be
broadened to include others in a position to influence
public opinion, such as trade and youth leaders, teachers
and lecturers. Closer relations between private
organizations supporting NATO and the NATO Information
Division should also be encouraged.
Chapter VI : Organization and Functions
- The Committee considers that NATO in its present form
is capable of discharging the non-military functions
required of it. Structural changes are not needed. The
machine is basically satisfactory. it is for governments
to make use of it.
- At the same time, certain improvements in the
procedures and functioning of the Organization will be
required if the recommendations of this report are to be
fully implemented. The proposals in this Chapter are
submitted for this purpose.
A. Meetings of the Council
- More time should be allowed for Ministerial Meetings.
Experience has shown that, without more time, important
issues on the agenda cannot be adequately considered.
Decisions concerning some of them will not be reached at
all, or will be reached only in an unclear form.
- Efforts should be made to encourage discussion rather
than simply declarations of policy prepared in advance.
Arrangements for meetings should be made with this aim in
view. For most sessions, the numbers present should be
sharply restricted. In order to facilitate free
discussion, when Ministers wish to speak in a language
other than French or English, consecutive translation into
one of these official languages should be
provided by interpreters from their own delegations.
- Meetings of Foreign Ministers should be held whenever
required, and occasionally in locations other than NATO
Headquarters. Ministers might also participate more
frequently in regular Council meetings, even though not
all of them may find it possible to attend such meetings
at the same time. The Council of Permanent Representatives
has powers of effective decision: in other words, the
authority of the Council as such is the same whether
governments are represented by Ministers or by their
Permanent Representatives. Thus there should be no firm or
formal line between Ministerial and other meetings of the
Council.
B. Strengthening the Links between the Council and Member
Governments
- It is indispensable to the kind of consultations
envisaged in this report that Permanent Representatives
should be in a position to speak authoritatively and to
reflect the current thinking of their governments.
Differences in location and in constitutional organization
make impossible any uniform arrangements in all member
governments. In some cases it might be desirable to
designate a high official in the national capital to be
concerned primarily with NATO affairs. The purpose
would be to help both in fostering NATO consultations
whenever national policies impinge on the common interest
of the Atlantic Community, and in translating the results
of such consultation into effective action within the
national governments.
- To ensure the closest possible connection between
current thinking in the governments and consultations in
the Council, there might be occasional Council Meetings
with the participation of specially designated officials
or the permanent heads of foreign ministries.
C. Preparation for Council Meetings
- Items on the agenda of Ministerial Meetings should be
thoroughly examined by Permanent Representatives and
relevant proposals prepared before Ministers meet. For
this purpose it may be found desirable for governments to
send senior experts to consult on agenda items before the
meetings take place.
- The preparation of questions for discussion in the
Council should be assisted by appropriate use of the
Council's Committees of Political and Economic Advisers.
(Recommendations on the establishment of these Committees
are set forth in Chapter II, paragraph 56, and Chapter
III, paragraph 72.)
- In the case of consultations on special subjects, more
use should be made of senior experts from national
capitals to assist permanent delegations by calling them,
on an ad hoc basis, to do preparatory work. Informal
discussions among specialists with corresponding
responsibilities are a particularly valuable means of
concerning governmental attitudes in the early stages of
policy formation.
- Member governments should make available to one
another through NATO "basic position material" for
background information. This would help the Alliance as a
whole in the consideration of problems of common concern
and would assist individual governments to understand more
fully the reasons for the position adopted by any member
country on a particular issue which might be its special
concern, but which might also affect in varying degrees
other members of NATO.
D. The Secretary General and the International Staff
- To enable the Organization to make its full
contribution, the role of the Secretary General and the
International Staff needs to be enhanced.
- It is recommended that the Secretary General preside
over meetings of the Council in Ministerial session, as he
does now in other sessions. Such a change with respect to
the conduct of the Council's business would follow
naturally from the new responsibilities of the Secretary
General, arising out of the recommendations of this
report. It is also warranted by the Secretary General's
unique opportunities for becoming familiar with the
problems and the activities of the Alliance as a whole.
- It would, however, still be desirable to have one
Minister chosen each year as President of the Council in
accordance with the present practice of alphabetical
rotation. This Minister, as President, would continue to
have especially close contact with the Secretary General
during and between Ministerial Meetings, and would, as at
present, act as the spokesman of the Council on all formal
occasions. He would also preside at the formal opening and
closing of Ministerial sessions of the Council.
- In addition :
- the Secretary General should be encouraged to propose
items for NATO consultation in the fields covered by
this report and should be responsible for promoting
and directing the process of consultation;
- in view of these responsibilities member governments
should undertake to keep the Secretary General fully
and currently informed through their permanent
delegations of their governments' thinking on
questions of common concern to the Alliance;
- attention is also called to the additional
responsibilities of the Secretary General, recommended
in connection with the annual political appraisal
(Chapter II, paragraph 52), and the peaceful
settlement of disputes (Chapter II, paragraph 57).
- The effective functioning of NATO depends in large
measure on the efficiency, devotion and morale of its
Secretariat. Acceptance of the recommendations in this
report would impose on the Secretariat new duties and
responsibilities. Governments must, therefore, be prepared
to give the International Staff all necessary support,
both in finance and personnel. If this is not done, the
recommendations of the report, even if accepted by
governments, will not be satisfactorily carried out.
ANNEX
Council Resolutions
- Resolution on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes and
Differences between Members of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
Whereas the parties to the North Atlantic Treaty, under
Article I of that treaty, have undertaken "to settle any
international disputes in which they may be involved by
peaceful means in such a manner that international peace
and security and justice are not endangered";
Whereas the parties have further undertaken to seek to
eliminate conflicts in their international economic
policies and will encourage economic collaboration between
any or all of them;
Whereas NATO unity and strength in the pursuit of these
objectives remain essential for continuous cooperation in
military and non-military fields;
The North Atlantic Council:
Reaffirms the obligations of all its members, under
Article I of the Treaty, to settle by peaceful means any
dispute between themselves;
Decides that such disputes which have not proved capable
of settlement directly be submitted to good offices
procedures within the NATO framework before member
governments resort to any other international agency
except for disputes of a legal character appropriate for
submission to a judicial tribunal and those disputes of an
economic character for which attempts at settlement might
best be made initially in the appropriate specialized
economic organizations;
Recognizes the right and duty of member governments and of
the Secretary General to bring to its attention matters
which in their opinion may threaten the solidarity or
effectiveness of the Alliance;
Empowers the Secretary General to offer his good offices
informally at any time to member governments involved in a
dispute and with their consent to initiate or facilitate
procedures of inquiry, mediation, conciliation, or
arbitration;
Authorizes the Secretary General where he deems it
appropriate for the purpose outlined in the preceding
paragraph to use the assistance of not more than three
permanent representatives chosen by him in each instance.
- Resolution on the Report of the Committee of Three
on Non-military Cooperation in NATO
Whereas the North Atlantic Council at its meeting in Paris
on May 5th established a Committee composed of the Foreign
Ministers of Italy, Canada and Norway to advise the
Council on ways and means to improve and extend NATO
cooperation in non-military fields and to develop greater
unity within the Atlantic Community;
Whereas the Committee of Three has now reported on the
task assigned to it and has submitted to the Council a
number of recommendations on such ways and means to
improve and extend NATO cooperation in non-military
fields;
The North Atlantic Council:
Takes note of the Report of the Committee of Three; and
Approves its recommendations; and
Invites the Council in Permanent Session to implement in
the light of the comments made by governments the
principles and recommendations contained in the Report;
and
Invites the Secretary General to draw up for consideration
by the Council such further specific proposals as may be
required for the implementation of these recommendations
and to report periodically on the compliance with these
recommendations by
governments.
Authorizes the Committee of Three to publish their report.
Footnote:
- The outstanding instances are the Organization for
European Cooperation and Development (OECD) (which
includes all NATO countries and four others); the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); the International
Monetary Fund (IMF); the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD); the International
Finance Corporation (IFC); and the various other United
Nations agencies including the Economic Commission
for Europe. Several NATO members participate actively in
the Colombo Plan for promoting economic development in
Asia. Most members are taking an active part in technical
assistance programs and are also participating in
discussions of proposals for the creation of a Special
United Nations Fund for Economic Development (SUNFED).
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