Individual Democratic Institutions Research Fellowships 1994-1996

The research reports reproduced here are the responsibility of the individual authors. Their reproduction does not imply any form of official or unofficial endorsement by NATO. The reports are offered in unedited form, as presented by their authors, with a view to make their findings available to a wide audience. Enhancing Security of Lithuania and Other Baltic States in 1992-94 and Future Guidelines Ceslovas Stankevicius [Back to Index] Bibliography Part 1. Primary Sources 1. Treaty Between the Republic of Lithuania and the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic on the Basis for Relations between States (signed in Moscow, on July 29, 1991) 2. Agreement Between the Republic of Lithuania and the Russian Federation on the Withdrawal of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation from the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania (draft parafied on September 7, 1992). 3. Agreement Between the Republic of Lithuania and the Russian Federation on the Settlement of Issues of Property and Flats Belonging to Military Officers and Other Persons of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Being Withdrawn from the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania (draft parafied on September 7, 1992). 4. Agreement Between the Republic of Lithuania and the Russian Federation on the Settlement of Social Issues of the Persons of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Being Withdrawn from the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania (draft parafied on September 7, 1992). 5. Agreement Between the Republic of Lithuania and the Russian Federation on the Application of Jurisdiction with regard to the Persons of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and Members of their Families Being Withdrawn from the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania (parafied draft on September 7, 1992). 6. Timetable for the Withdrawal of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation from the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania (signed in Moscow on September 8, 1992). 7. Agreement Between the Republic of Lithuania and the Russian Federation on the Rules of Behaviour and Functioning of Units and Military Officers of the Withdrawing Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (signed in Moscow on September 8, 1992). 8. Protocol on the Procedure of Settlement of Technical and Organisational Questions on the Withdrawal of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation from the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania (signed in Moscow on September 8, 1992). 9. Treaty Between the Republic of Latvia and the Russian Federation on the Conditions, Terms, and Procedures for the Complete Withdrawal of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation from the Territory of the Republic of Latvia, as well as on Their Legal Status during the Withdrawal Period (signed in Moscow on April 30, 1994). 10. Agreement Between the Republic of Latvia and the Russian Federation on the Legal Status of the Skrunda Radio Location Station During the Period of its Temporary Operation and Dismantling (signed in Moscow on April 30, 1994). 11. Agreement Between the Republic of Latvia and the Russian Federation on the Issues of Social Protection of the Military Officers of the Armed and Border Forces of the Russian Federation and their Family Members who are Temporarily Stationed on the Territory of the Republic of Latvia until their Complete Withdrawal (signed in Moscow on April 30, 1994). 12. Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of Latvia and the Government of the Russian Federation on the Issues of Social Protection of the Retired Military Officers of the Russian Federation and their Family Members Residing on the Territory of the Republic of Latvia (signed in Moscow on April 30, 1994). 13. Treaty Between the Republic of Estonia and the Russian Federation on the Withdrawal of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation from the Territory of the Republic of Estonia and on the Conditions of their Temporary Presence on its Territory (signed in Moscow on July 30, 1994). 14. Agreement Between the Government of the Estonian Republic and the Government of the Russian Federation on the Conditions and Terms of the Termination of Exploitation of Nuclear Reactors on the Pakri Peninsula, as well as on the Ensurance of Nuclear Safety and Safety from Irradiation (signed in Moscow on July 30, 1994). 15. Agreement Between the Republic of Estonia and the Russian Federation on Social Guarantees to the Retired Military Officers of the Russian Federation on the Territory of the Republic of Estonia (signed in Moscow on July 30, 1994). 16. Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of Lithuania and the Government of the Russian Federation on the Procedure for Providing Social Guarantees to the Retired Military Officers of the Russian Federation Permanently Residing in the Republic of Lithuania (Vilnius, November 18, 1993). 17. Agreement Between the Republic of Lithuania and the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic on Co-operation in the Economic and Socio-Cultural Development of the Kaliningrad Oblast of the RSFSR (signed in Moscow on July 29, 1991). 18. Memorandum on the Maintenance of Peace and Stability in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Signed(1) in Alma Ata, on February 10, 1995. Vestnik voennoj informatsii, No. 3, March 1995). 19. Collective Security Concept of the Countries - Participants of the Security Treaty. Signed(2) in Alma Ata, on February 10, 1995. Vestnik voennoj informatsii, No. 3, March 1995. 20. The Collection of Documents of the Supreme Council and the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania (in Lithuanian), Vol. 1, Vilnius, 1991. 21. Note verbale of the Russian Foreign Affairs Minister Andrei Kozyrev for the Lithuanian, Latvian, and Estonian Foreign Affairs Ministers, issued in Moscow on August 6, 1992. 22. Negotiations with the Russian Federation Concerning the Withdrawal of Russian Military Forces from the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania. Chronology and Collection of Documents, July 29, 1991 - September 8, 1992. The Office of Public Affairs, Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania, October 1992. 23. Memorandum on the Violation of Human Rights in the Baltic States. (Presented to the Council of Europe by the Russian Foreign Affairs Ministry, Strasbourg, May 7, 1992. 24. Lithuanian Statistics Yearbook 1991. Information and Publishing Centre, Vilnius,1992. 25. Treaty Between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus on Common Efforts in Guarding the State Border of the Republic of Belarus. Minsk, February 21, 1995. Vestnik informatsii GRANITSA, No. 3, March 1995. 26. Provisions on the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation. Approved by the President of the Russian Federation on March 2, 1995, Moscow. Official text in Rossijskaya gazeta, April 6, 1995. 27. Documents of the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party. Vol. 1, March 1992 - May 1994, Vilnius, Tevynes sargas Publishing House, 1994. 28. Strategy for Russia,(3) Nezavisimaya gazeta, May 27, 1994. 29. Federal Law on the Federal Security Service Bodies in the Russian Federation. Adopted by the State Duma on February 22, 1995. Rossijskaya gazeta, April 12, 1995. 30. The Main Provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation. Approved for Decree No. 1833 of the President of the Russian Federation on November 2, 1993. Krasnaya zvezda, November 19, 1993. 31. 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Proposals to the CSCE Council in Rome, November 30, 1993. Distributed on November 10, 1993, at the CSCE forum in Vienna. 36. "Russia and NATO: Guidelines of the Foreign Policy Council,"(5) Nezavisimaya gazeta, June 21, 1995. 37. Treaty on Co-operation in Guarding External Borders of the Countries - Participants of the Commonwealth of Independent States in Conjunction with the Non-Participating States of the Commonwealth. Signed(6) in Minsk, on May 26, 1995. Vestnik voennoj informatsii, No. 6, June, 1995. 38. The Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation. 'Decisions of the Committee on International Affairs and External Economic Relations on Agreements Regulating the Withdrawal of the Russian Forces from the Territory of Lithuania.' No. 7-3-649, September 21, 1992. 39. Statement signed by Boris Yeltsin, Vytautas Landsbergis, Anatolij Gorbunovs, and Arnold Ruutel, in Tallinn on January 13, 1991 (facsimile). 40. Trilateral Declaration Between the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Estonia, the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Latvia, and the National Defence Ministry of the Republic of Lithuania on Co-operation in Security and Defence. Signed in Tallinn on September 13, 1993. 41. Treaty Between the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Latvia, and the Republic of Lithuania on the Creation and Formation of a Joint Peacekeeping Battalion. Signed by the Defence Ministers in Riga on September 13, 1994. 42. Agreement Between the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Estonia, the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Latvia, and the National Defence Ministry of the Republic of Lithuania on Co-operation in Security and Defence Relations. Signed in Vilnius on February 27, 1995. 43. Speech of Mr. Albinas Januska, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania, at the North Atlantic Council on the 30th of November, 1994 (official text). 44. Partnership for Peace: Framework Document. January, 1994. 45. Agreement on the Principles and Procedures for Military Transportation. Signed in Tashkent on May 15, 1992, by all the CIS countries, except the Republic of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. 46. Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (sent by the Foreign Affairs Minister, Kozyrev, to Russia's Supreme Soviet on January 25, 1993, under No. 1615.) 47. NATO COMMUNIQUES 1992. Office of Information and Press NATO, Brussels. 48. NATO COMMUNIQUES 1993. Office of Information and Press NATO, Brussels. 49. CSCE HELSINKI DOCUMENT 1992. The Chalenges of Change. Edition of CSCE Helsinki Summit. 50. Official Information on the Withdrawal of the Russian Forces, released on January 7, 1993 by the National Defence Ministry of the Republic of Lithuania (Signed by the Lithuanian Government's representative, Col. Knezys). 51. Lithuanian Human Development Report 1995, United Nations Development Programme, Vilnius,1995. 52. The Future of NATO: the 1994 Summit and its Consequences. The Tenth Report of the Defence Committee HC , United Kingdom , 1995. 53. STUDY ON NATO ENLARGEMENT. Official NATO document, 1995. 54. Law On the Basics of Ensuring National Security of Lithuania. Seimas' draft No. 464. Prepared by a Joint Working Group of the Political Parties and approved of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania on February 21, 1996. 55. North Atlantic Assembly. Baltic Security Requirements. Proceedings of the "Rosse-Roth" seminar in Vilnius, December 1991. AJ 58. International Secretariat, March 1992. 56. North Atlantic Assembly. Resolution on Baltic Security: the New Context. Adopted on 1992.11.19. AJ 249 DSC (92). 57. Letter of President of the Republic of Lithuania to Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, January 4, 1994. 58. Letter of the Russian President, Yeltsin on November 5, 1992 to the President of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania, Vytautas Landsbergis. // Reply of Vytautas Landsbergis to the Russian President, Boris Yeltsin, November 12, 1992. 59. Press release regarding Lithuanian - Russian negotiations on military transit (Botschaft der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Wilna, 1994, December, 21. 60. On Kaliningrad (Konigsberg), a Russian exclave in the Baltic region: situation and outlook from a European viewpoint. European Parliament session documents A-3-0036/94 (Rapporter Mrs. Magdalene Hoff). 61. Draft Concurrent Resolution Expressing the sense of the Congress relating to the removal of Russian troops from Kaliningrad. HCON 51 IH. Introduced in the House of Representatives by Mr. Christofer Cox of California. 62. August 11, 1994, 121 signatories' Appeal for Lithuania's Security, which also has been signed by over 10,000 citizens of Lithuania. 63. The Baltic Republican Party: Programme and Statutes. Registered No. 156, December 1, 1993, with the Administration of the Kaliningrad District. 64. Nota verbale of the Russian Foreign Affairs Minister, Kozyrev, presented in Moscow on August 6, 1992, to the Foreign Affairs Ministers of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. 65. Regulations for Transporting Dangerous and Military Cargo of Foreign States Across the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania. Approved by the Government of the Republic of Lithuania, by Decision No. 938, October 3, 1994 (Valstybes zinios, No. 78, October 7, 1994). 66. Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Held at NATO Headquarters, Brussels, On 5 December 1995. FINAL COMMUNIQUE. Part 2. Articles and Monographs 67. Vyacheslav Kostikov, "Baltic and Russian Relations Reminiscent of Billowing Dunes," Lietuvos rytas, July 12, 1994. 68. Vyacheslav Yelagin, "Russian Military Presence: Legal Status," Segodnia, March 2, 1994. 69. Vladimir Razuvayev, "Russia's New Status: A Regional Power," Segodnia, September 30, 1994. 70. Lt. Gen. Leonid Ivashov, "Is a Military-Political Union Possible?," Nezavisimaya gazeta, October 18, 1994. 71. Jeffrey Simon, "Does Eastern Europe Belong in NATO?," Orbis, Winter 1993, 1. 72. Paul Goble, Carnegie Institute, "The Baltics: Three States, Three Fates," Current History, Vol. 93, No. 585, October 1994. 73. Mark Webber, "The Emergence of the Foreign Policy of The Russian Federation," Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 26, No. 3, September, 1993. University of California. 74. Andrej Nikolayev, "Border Protection Requires Joint Effort," Vestnik informatsii GRANITSA, No. 3, March 1995. 75. Paul Goble, "Russia and its Neighbours," Foreign policy, No. 90, spring 1993. 76. Albert L. Zaccor, "Guerrilla Warfare on the Baltic Coast: A Possible Model for Baltic Defence Doctrines Today?," The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Vol. 7, No. 4, December 1994, pp. 687-702. 77. Carl Bildt, "The Baltic Litmus Test," Foreign Affairs, September/October 1994, pp.72-84. 78. Zbigniew Brzezinski, "A Plan for Europe," Foreign Affairs, January/February 1995, pp. 27-42. 79. Ben Lombardi, "Russian Troop Withdrawal from the Baltic Region," Operational Research and Analysis. Directorate of Strategic Analysis Research Note 94/9, Department of National Defence, Canada, Ottawa, April, 1994. 80. Sergej Kuragin, "The Contents of New Internationalism. Eurasian Models and Their Conformity with Russia's Strategic Interests," Nezavisimaya gazeta, July 7, 1994. 81. Leonid Ivashov, "Russia Can Again Become a Superpower," Nezavisimaya gazeta, March 7, 1995. 82. Russia's National Security Concept for 1995, Obozrevatel, No. 3-4, Moscow, 1995. 83. Dmitrij Trenin, "Collective Security and Collective Defence," Nezavisimaya gazeta, November 4, 1994. 84. Sergej Yushenkov, "Rough Politics - This Might Become the Reason of Russia's Downfall," Literaturnaya gazeta, December 21, 1994. 85. Natalja Narochitskaya, "Russia - It is Neither East Nor West," Mezhdunarodnaya zhizn, No. 9, 1993. 86. Andrei Kozyrev, Speech at the Meeting of Russia's Ambassadors to the CIS and Baltic States held at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on October 18, 1994. Diplomaticheskij kuryer, No. 2, 1994. 87. Valdis Birkavs, "Latvian Security: On the Road to the 21st Century." Presented at the International Conference in Riga, February 26, 1994. Published in Diena, March 9, 1993. 88. Conclusions of the expert group of the Independent Institute of Social-Historical Problems of the Moscow State University, in conjunction with the "FOROS" Foundation "Conflict Zones in Russia and the Near Abroad," Izvestiya, October 5, 1994. 89. Adjar Kurtov and Aleksandr Chalmukamedov, "Who to Be With? Or What to Be? The Russian Federation in a Geopolitical Region," Nezavisimaya gazeta, November 22, 1994. 90. Andrei Kozyrev, "A Common European Partnership (Concept)," Nezavisimaya gazeta, March 2, 1994. 91. Evgenij Primakov, "The Perspectives of NATO Enlargement and Russia's Interests." External Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 1993. 92. Sergej Shakhraj, "Kaliningrad-Koenigsberg-Kruleviets," Nezavisimaya gazeta, July 26, 1994. 93. A. Anisimov, "The Kaliningrad Factor in the New Hansa Initiative," Kaliningradskaya pravda, January 10-11, 1994. 94. Major A.L. Zaccor, "The Baltic States and Kaliningrad: A Briefing." Conflict Studies Research Centre, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, November 1993. 95. Sergej Korgopolov, "The Area of Attraction - of Opinions and Interests," Yantarnij kraj, February 11, 1994. 96. Dzintra Bungs, "Progress on Withdrawal from the Baltic States," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 25, June 18, 1993. 97. William C. Bodie, "Anarchy and Cold War in Moscow's 'Near Abroad'", Strategic Review, Vol. 21, No. 21, Winter 1993. 98. J B K Lough, "Defining Russia's Role in the Near Abroad," Soviet Studies Research Centre, The Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, April 1993. 99. Ronald D. Asmus, Richard L. Kugler and F. Stefan Larrabee, "Building a New NATO," Foreign Affairs, September/October 1993. 100. Sergej Korgopolov, "Shall We Live in a Republic under the People's Power?", Yantarnij kraj, March 1, 1994. 101. Sergej Korgopolov, "Better Seen from a Detached Point of View?," Yantarnij kraj, August 23, 1994. 102. Henry Kissinger, "It's an Alliance, Not a Relic," The Washington Post, Aug 16, 1994. 103. A. Arbatov, "Russia: National Security in the 90s," Mirovaya ekonomika, No. 9, 1994. 104. John D. Maresca, "The End of the Cold War Is Also Over," Center for International Security and Arms Control, Stanford University, April 1995. 105. Zbigniew Brzezinski, "A new coherency on Central Europe," The San Diego Union-Tribune, June 29, 1994. 106. "VILNIUS/KALININGRAD. Ideas on Co-operative Security In the Baltic Sea Region." Conference in Vilnius and a Fact-finding Visit to Kaliningrad, 24 to 27 November 1994. Edition of Nordic Forum for Security Policy, Helsinki 1995. 107. "The Baltic States: Security and Defence After Independence," Chaillot Papers, June 19, 1995. WEU Institute for Security Studies. 108. Jeffrey Simon, "NATO Enlargement," INSS Strategic Forum, No. 31, May, 1995. 109. James W. Morrison, "NATO expansion and alternative future security alignments," National Defence University, Washington DC, McPaper 40, April 1995.